Feminised financial flows: how gender affects remittances in Honduran–US transnational families
Based on:
Journal Article (2011)
This article provides a gender analysis of how transnational families of Honduran migrants in Alexandria, Virginia USA and Nacaome, Valle, Honduras. It identifies gender dimensions, such as gender motives for migration, reproductive labour, empowerment of women, and intra-familial power negotiations.
Brief by:
This article explores the gender issues in the context of the transfer of remittances from Honduran immigrants in Alexandria, Virginia USA to their family members in Nacaome, Valle. This gendered analysis is required to understand the potential of migrant remittances to effect change and development in Honduras.
Key findings
The major drivers of women’s migration from Honduras to the USA were gender inequalities that stem from structural forms of inequality, such as labour market discrimination, in Honduras, coupled with the neoliberal restructuring of the Honduran economy.
Additionally, they migrate due to economic needs that derive from structural gender inequalities within families, such as divorce, domestic violence, spousal abandonment, and families’ control over young women’s mobility.
The functioning of transnational families is largely dependent on the reproductive labour of women in Honduras who take care of both the children and migrants’ ageing parents left behind.
However, the remittances-for-development model does not take into account the impact of migration on these women left behind, ignoring care as an element of development.
Although all the women found jobs in Alexandria, there were gender inequalities in the US immigrant labour market, with men getting well-paid jobs and women’s jobs being poorly paid.
However, despite women receiving lower wages they still tended to remit a greater percentage of their monthly earnings than their male counterparts.
Although the remitter appears to retain the ultimate control over remittances (could decide to stop remitting), the functional control over the remittance remains in the hands of the beneficiaries.
What it means
Many of the women in Alexandria reported a greater sense of autonomy and equality that they attribute to earning their own income, as well as no longer tolerating behaviour associated with machismo in their relationships or their husbands’ philandering. However, the women still faced discrimination in the labour market due to their sex and their foreign, often undocumented status.
Although these migrant women had an increased sense of empowerment due to wage-earning and remitting, there were also new forms of dependence resulting from their precarious legal position and economic vulnerability, leading to their disempowerment.
Most remittance recipients in Nacaome, almost always female, did not report great changes in their lives that could be interpreted as a process of empowerment. However, most do feel greater security because of the stable remittance income, which has improved their families’ living conditions, even though they have had to sacrifice in terms of their own relationships, longer work days in cases where they have taken on the migrant’s productive activities, and conflicts with their in-laws.
‘Remittance for development’ initiatives ignore the reasons for migration in the first place and the needs of the migrants and their families. They also perpetuate old paradigms of development practice by instrumentalising migrants and their families, rather than empowering them. Migration cannot be counted on as a sustainable means of development, given its dependence on women’s unpaid labour, increasingly restrictive migration policies, and need for continued migration and remittances.
Proposed action
Consider remittances not as a magic solution for development, but as a phenomenon that exposes needs and gaps at the local level, especially in terms of gender inequalities and other rights violations
Strengthen public institutions so they can fulfil their role as guarantor of people’s well-being, and secure people’s rights to health and education, which are principal items of remittance expenditure
Promote dialogue and collaboration between local, national and transnational actors in the identification and implementation of migration and development initiatives, including women’s groups and migrant associations
Support small- and medium-scale finance institutions that are committed to local development and gender equity, and that offer other support services such as training
Direct state investment to medium-scale job creation, in order to move beyond micro-entrepreneurship and promote a more sustainable model of economic development
This research is relevant for local economic development programs in countries with high levels of emigration
Helpful resources
Gender+Migration Hub (source)
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Acknowledgements
Thank you to iDE Global
These insights were made available thanks to the support of iDE Global, who are committed to the dissemination of knowledge for all.
Special thanks to Jasmyn Spanswick for preparation assistance
We would like to extend a special thank you to Jasmyn Spanswick, for their invaluable contribution in assisting the preparation of this research summary.
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Feminised financial flows: how gender affects remittances in Honduran–US transnational families
Cite this brief: Petrozziello, Allison. 'Feminised financial flows: how gender affects remittances in Honduran–US transnational families'. Acume. https://www.acume.org/r/feminised-financial-flows-how-gender-affects-remittances-in-honduran-us-transnational-families/
Brief created by: Allison Petrozziello | Year brief made: 2022
Original research:
- Petrozziello, A., ‘Feminised financial flows: how gender affects remittances in Honduran–US transnational families’ 19(1) (pp. 53–67) https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2011.554022. – https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13552074.2011.554022
Research brief:
This article provides a gender analysis of how transnational families of Honduran migrants in Alexandria, Virginia USA and Nacaome, Valle, Honduras. It identifies gender dimensions, such as gender motives for migration, reproductive labour, empowerment of women, and intra-familial power negotiations.
This article explores the gender issues in the context of the transfer of remittances from Honduran immigrants in Alexandria, Virginia USA to their family members in Nacaome, Valle. This gendered analysis is required to understand the potential of migrant remittances to effect change and development in Honduras.
Findings:
The major drivers of women’s migration from Honduras to the USA were gender inequalities that stem from structural forms of inequality, such as labour market discrimination, in Honduras, coupled with the neoliberal restructuring of the Honduran economy.
Additionally, they migrate due to economic needs that derive from structural gender inequalities within families, such as divorce, domestic violence, spousal abandonment, and families’ control over young women’s mobility.
The functioning of transnational families is largely dependent on the reproductive labour of women in Honduras who take care of both the children and migrants’ ageing parents left behind.
However, the remittances-for-development model does not take into account the impact of migration on these women left behind, ignoring care as an element of development.
Although all the women found jobs in Alexandria, there were gender inequalities in the US immigrant labour market, with men getting well-paid jobs and women’s jobs being poorly paid.
However, despite women receiving lower wages they still tended to remit a greater percentage of their monthly earnings than their male counterparts.
Although the remitter appears to retain the ultimate control over remittances (could decide to stop remitting), the functional control over the remittance remains in the hands of the beneficiaries.
Advice:
Consider remittances not as a magic solution for development, but as a phenomenon that exposes needs and gaps at the local level, especially in terms of gender inequalities and other rights violations
Strengthen public institutions so they can fulfil their role as guarantor of people’s well-being, and secure people’s rights to health and education, which are principal items of remittance expenditure
- Create local development plans with a holistic, not economist vision in which job creation and gender equality are central.
Promote dialogue and collaboration between local, national and transnational actors in the identification and implementation of migration and development initiatives, including women’s groups and migrant associations
- Develop remittance-funded initiatives related to reproductive activities, such as child care cooperatives.
Support small- and medium-scale finance institutions that are committed to local development and gender equity, and that offer other support services such as training
Direct state investment to medium-scale job creation, in order to move beyond micro-entrepreneurship and promote a more sustainable model of economic development
This research is relevant for local economic development programs in countries with high levels of emigration
- As well as state and civil society organisations engaged in the implementation of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration, which has as a guiding principle “gender-responsiveness”
Extra:
Many of the women in Alexandria reported a greater sense of autonomy and equality that they attribute to earning their own income, as well as no longer tolerating behaviour associated with machismo in their relationships or their husbands’ philandering. However, the women still faced discrimination in the labour market due to their sex and their foreign, often undocumented status.
Although these migrant women had an increased sense of empowerment due to wage-earning and remitting, there were also new forms of dependence resulting from their precarious legal position and economic vulnerability, leading to their disempowerment.
Most remittance recipients in Nacaome, almost always female, did not report great changes in their lives that could be interpreted as a process of empowerment. However, most do feel greater security because of the stable remittance income, which has improved their families’ living conditions, even though they have had to sacrifice in terms of their own relationships, longer work days in cases where they have taken on the migrant’s productive activities, and conflicts with their in-laws.
‘Remittance for development’ initiatives ignore the reasons for migration in the first place and the needs of the migrants and their families. They also perpetuate old paradigms of development practice by instrumentalising migrants and their families, rather than empowering them. Migration cannot be counted on as a sustainable means of development, given its dependence on women’s unpaid labour, increasingly restrictive migration policies, and need for continued migration and remittances.